Book – Pegada Ecológica - Ecological Footprint
Presentation
Most of the human population now lives in cities. Already several generations are born and reared there, away from living with nature.
These generations were prepared by an educational system that makes them ignore the environmental consequences of their acts and aims to make them useful and pursuing obsessive consumers of goods. Immersed in a daily struggle increasingly full of compromises, do not understand how they are included in the overall plot of unsustainability. Living under such conditions, do not recognize that depend on an ecological basis to sustain life.
Growing populations, environmental illiteracy, excessive consumption and selfish behavior are an amalgam fearful to set up a stage of decline in the quality of human experience through environmental degradation, concentration of income and social exclusion. Under such conditions, sustainable development is not conceivable nor theoretically.
The human evolutionary challenge is occurring in urban centers. Cities are points from the induction of global environmental change. Almost all the growth is occurring in cities. They occupy only 2% of the Earth's surface but consume 75% of its resources. Cities tend to occupy the same niche within the global biosphere and exploit the resources the same way suicide This model is being replicated in most of the world, generating pressure ever stronger. Increased efficiency in a relatively small part of the world produce great results
The study, conducted in the city of Wansbeck, Federal District, brings together elements for analysis of the relationship between the expansion of an urban socioecossistema and their contributions to global environmental change due to changes in use / cover crops and their energy metabolism-material .
Under a perspective of Human Ecology and using the Analysis of the Ecological Footprint, examines the human dimensions of global environmental changes induced by energy metabolism-material that socioecossistema urban and shows that to sustain its megametabolismo, defendants are colossal amounts of matter and energy, the time that is destabilizing produces waste and emissions, which created a powerful web of exploitation and load on natural resources, whose influence has extended to the global scope.
We destramando the threads of a complex ecological safety net, most people still do not recognize the value of that network.
There is no middle ground. Or build an economy that respects the limits of the earth or continue with what's there until its decline and engage in an evolving tragedy. We recognize the natural limits of the Earth and adjust our economy, either continue increasingly expanding our footprint until it is too late? We are all involved in a big global experiment.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction
1.1. We're like us because we like?
1.2. The model generator of systemic problems
1.3. Knowing the challenge
1.4. The metabolism of urban ecosystems as inducers of global environmental change - the problem of object-study
1.5. The focus of the study
2. Marcos concepts, context and nature of the study ecosystem
2.1. The socioecossistema city, its problems and approaches
2.1.1. Elements, concepts and research in urban socioecossistemas
2.1.2. The model ecosystem
2.1.3. Structures and functions of ecosystems: services and man-made
2.1.4. Network of information and ecosystem stability
2.2. Human Ecology and patterns of ecosystem interactions
2.3. The human dimensions of global environmental change
2.3.1. Sources of global greenhouse-gases
2.4. Axis of structural study
3. Where the survey was conducted
Characterization of the region
Characterization of the study area
4. Since the study was conducted - Different methods illuminate different aspects of the proceedings.
5. Analysis of results
5.1.Contribuições changes of use / soil covering the expansion of
socioecossistema urban to global environmental change
5.1.1. Conversion of natural areas for field / AGROPASTORAL
5.1.1. Destruction of the gallery forest
5.1.2. Increase in the urban area
5.1.3. Increase in degraded areas
5.1.4. Destruction of areas of cerrado (strictly)
5.2. Contributions of metabolism socioecossistêmico city, resulting from population growth and consumption patterns adopted at global environmental change.
5.2.1. The patterns of production and consumption
5.2.2. The growth of human population
5.2.2.1. Greenhouse-gas emissions and other impacts generated by transport
5.2.2.2. Emissions produced by the consumption of gas for cooking
5.2.3. The consumption of fossil fuels
5.2.4. Emissions and other impacts produced by the generation of waste
5.2.5. Impact generated by electric power consumption
5.2.6. Impacts generated by the consumption of water
5.2.7. Impacts generated by the consumption of wood and paper
5.2.8. Impacts generated by the consumption of beef
5.2.9. Impacts generated by specific components of urban metabolism socioecossistêmico
5.2.9.1. Contributions of human respiration to increased concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide
5.2.9.2. Contributions in Domestic paraphernalia
Indoor air
Smoke
Batteries and battery
Cell Phones
Lubricants
Cosmetics
Drugs
Use of treated water
Accumulation / retention of carbon
Global atmospheric dispersion of contaminants
Cleaning Products
Computers
5.3. Analysis of the ecological footprint of urban studied socioecossistema
5.3.1. Conceptual basis
5.3.2. Cities as an example
5.3.3. The ecological footprint of the city studied
5.3.4. Summary of urban studied socioecossistema
5.3.5. Estimation and comparison of levels of contributions to
General environmental changes in different types of ecosystems
6. Conclusions
7. Postscript
Reflections on prospective
8. Bibliographic references
Attachments
I. Environmental Education in urban socioecossistemas
II. Steps methodology used
1. Functional groups: dealing with the hierarchy of complexity.
2. Institutional Support
3. The images from satellites and preparation of maps
4. The calculation of the loss of biomass
5. The determination of CO2 emissions for the loss of soil
6. Technical use of lichens as bioindicators
7. Measures of intensity noise
8. Measure the average occupancy in vehicles
9. Determination of the consumption of fossil fuels
10. Calculation of emissions produced by burning fossil fuels
11. Per capita production of waste and emissions of CO2 and CH4
12. Consumption of wood and paper and CO2 emission ..
13. Determination of the consumption of beef
14. The CO2 emissions through the consumption of electricity
15. Determination of water consumption.
16 Calculation of CO2 emission by breathing
17 Measures inobtrusivas
18. The calculation of the ecological footprint.
Tables
1.Concentração global atmospheric greenhouse-gases
2.Emissões annual global greenhouse-gas (1990)
3.Fontes global natural and anthropogenic and absorption of greenhouse-gases
4.Fontes emission of carbon dioxide
5.Emissão industrial carbon dioxide in 1992
6.Concentração carbon dioxide in the atmosphere overall
7.Fontes global emission of methane
9. The World Population
10.Variação the occupation / use of the soil in the study area
11.Perda of biomass
12.Análise of dissatisfaction in Wansbeck
13.Evolução the number of cards signaling traffic punctured by shells from
firearm
14.Evolução of population growth, according to city
15.Crescimento population in the study
16.Frota of vehicles in the Federal District
17.Evolução traffic towards central Wansbeck
18.Proporção of cars per 1000 inhabitants in various regions of the world
19.Gastos on the family budget to keep a car, in the study
20.Capacidade, costs and issuance of various types of transport
21.Aquisição of motor vehicles in the world
22.Material particulate matter in the center of Wansbeck
23.Presença of lichens on trees, towards central Wansbeck
24.Evolução levels of intensity noise in the center of Wansbeck
25.Lixo collected in Wansbeck, Ceilândia and Fern in the period 1987-1997
26.Comparação the generation of solid waste per capita
27.Consumo of electricity in the area of study
28.Reserva of water in some countries
29.Disponibilidade of water in some countries
30.Consumo annual water in the area of study
31.Consumo of paper in the world
32.Involução the availability of land per capita ecoprodutivas
Ecological and environmental 33.Pegada deficit of some countries
34th Ecological Footprint of the study area
Ecological 35.Pegada, availability of area ecoprodutiva and ecological deficits of some countries
Figures
1. The external environment of ecosystems
2. Use of resources and economic model
3. Connections between the forces inducing human use and / soil cover
4. Conceptual model of the effects of human disturbances on biodiversity and ecosystem function
5. Diagram of the relationships of an ancient city with its surroundings
6. Some ramifications of the changes induced by humans on the vegetation
7. Consequences of the model of "development"
8. Expression of systemic socio global crisis
9. Dilemma and unsustainability of the model of "development"
10. Food of the human species versus environmental burden
Tables
1. Model of human interaction - environment
2. Issues relating
3. Evaluation of the consumer's perception of wood
4. Comparison of levels of contribution to global environmental changes generated by different ecosystems
Photographs
1. Area of study
2. Gallery forest destroyed for more urban streets
3. To generate employment, more environmental pressure
Maps
1. Land use
Charts
1. The dilemma of unsustainability |
